•  Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (September 14, 1849 - February 27, 1936) was a Russian physiologist, psychologist and physician He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 in research in digestive system. Pavlov was wide-known for first described the phenomenon now known as conditioning in experiments with dogs . Pavlov was investigating the gastric function of dogs by externalising a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyse the saliva produced in response to food under different conditions. He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it. He decided that this was more interesting than the chemistry of saliva, and changed the focus of his research, carrying out a long series of experiments in which he manipulated the stimuli occurring before the presentation of food. He thereby established the basic laws for the establishment and extinction of what he called "conditional reflexes" – i.e., reflex responses, like salivation, that only occurred conditional upon specific previous experiences of the animal .

•  Henri Matisse (December 31, 1869 – November 3, 1954) was the leading French artist of the 20th century. Particularly noted for his striking use of colour, Matisse is one of the very few indisputable giants of modern art, alongside Picasso and Kandinsky.

•  Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835–August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American businessman and major philanthropist. Among all of his many philanthropic efforts, the establishment of public libraries in the United States, the United Kingdom, and in other English-speaking countries, was especially prominent. . In total Carnegie funded some 3,000 libraries, located in every U.S. state except Alaska, Delaware and Rhode Island, as well as Britain, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the West Indies and Fiji. He gave $2 million in 1901 to start the Carnegie Institute of Technology at Pittsburgh, and the same amount in 1902 to found the Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C.. He would later contribute more to these and other schools. CIT is now Carnegie Mellon University.

•  Laissez-faire is short for " laissez faire, laissez passer ," a French phrase meaning "let do, let pass." It is pronounced approximately lessEH fare, lessEH pahssEH . First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. Laissez-faire economic policy is in direct contrast to statist economic

•  E pluribus unum is a national motto of the United States of America. Translated from Latin, it means "From many, one" or "Out of many, one," or in a direct translation, "One out of more." It referred to the integration of the 13 independent colonies into one united country, and has taken on an additional meaning, given the pluralistic nature of American society from immigration. The motto was selected by the first Great Seal committee in 1776, at the beginning of the American Revolution. Pierre Eugene DuSimitiére originally suggested E pluribus unum as motto.In 1956, "In God We Trust" was added as another national motto, but did not replace E pluribus unum

•  Pablo Picasso, formally Pablo Ruiz Picasso, Spanish painter, (October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973) was one of the recognized masters of 20th century art , probably most famous as the founder, along with Georges Braque, as the co-founder of Cubism. However, in a long life he produced a wide and varied body of work, the best-known being the Blue Period works which feature moving depictions of acrobats, harlequins, prostitutes, beggars and artists. While Picasso was primarily a painter (in fact he believed that an artist must paint in order to be considered a true artist), he also worked with small ceramic and bronze sculptures, collage and even wrote some poetry. " Je suis aussi un poète ," as he quipped to his friends.Picasso was the most prolific painter ever, as deemed in the Guiness Book of Records. He produced about 13,500 paintings or designs, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations, and 300 sculptures and ceramics plus drawings and tapestries. The total value of his work was estimated in 1973 to be about $750 million.

•  William Penn Adair "Will" Rogers (November 4, 1879 – August 15, 1935) was an American humorist and entertainer. Through Rogers' continuing series of columns between 1922 and 1935, as well as in his personal appearances and radio broadcasts, he won the loving admiration of the American people, poking jibes in witty ways at the issues of the day and prominent people – often politicians. He wrote from a non-partisan point of view and became a friend of presidents and a confidant of the great. Loved for his cool mind and warm heart, he was often considered the successor to such greats as Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) and Artemus Ward. His wit was often caustic: as he explained, "There's no trick to being a humorist when you have the whole government working for you." Nevertheless, he identified with the Democratic Party, saying "I don't belong to any organized party. I'm a Democrat," and was a vocal supporter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

•  Norman Rockwell (February 3, 1894 – November 8, 1978) was an early 20th century American painter. His works enjoy a broad popular appeal in the United States, where Rockwell is most famous for the cover illustrations he created for The Saturday Evening Post magazine over more than four decades. Among the best-known of Rockwell's works are Rosie the Riveter and the Four Freedoms series.

•  John Philip Sousa or John Philip de Sousa (November 6, 1854 – March 6, 1932), popularly known as "The March King", is probably the most famous conductor and composer in history of military marches. The marching brass bass, or sousaphone, is named after him.