•  In Spanish, junta means "coming together". In modern English usage, junta (pronounced HUN-ta or HOON-ta) typically refers to a military dictatorship, particularly the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional, the infamous military dictatorship that ruled Argentina from 1976 to 1983. See also History of Argentina ..

•  Louis Daniel Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971) (also known by the nicknames Satchmo and Pops ) was an American jazz musician. Armstrong was a charismatic, innovative performer whose musical skills and bright personality transformed jazz from a rough regional dance music into a popular art form. Probably the most famous jazz musician of the 20th century, he first achieved fame as a trumpeter, but towards the end of his career he was best known as a vocalist and was one of the most influential jazz singers.

•  Deterrence theory is a defensive strategy developed after World War II and used throughout the Cold War. It also figures somewhat in the current War on Terrorism. Under the strategy, a government builds up or maintains military forces and weapons so that other powers will not attack it in fear of a larger retaliation. John Foster Dulles elaborated that “The heart of the problem is how to deter attack. This... requires that a potential aggressor be left in no doubt that he [or she] would... suffer damage outweighing any possible gains from aggression.” Deterrence is viewed by some as the opposite of appeasement, where an expansionist government is allowed to absorb some territory to reach a negotiated settlement. See Munich. Deterrence can be based on either WMD's, conventional weapons strength, or both.Because the theory suggested that expansion could be prevented by a show of military might, some leaders thought that the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union would prevent both sides from entering into another world war.

•  Though a Bohemian is a native of the Czech province of Bohemia, a secondary meaning for bohemian emerged in 19th century France. The term was used to describe artists, writers, and disenchanted people of all sorts who wished to live non-traditional lifestyles.

"The term 'bohemian' has come to be very commonly accepted in our day as the description of a certain kind of literary gypsy, no matter in what language he speaks, or what city he inhabits .... A bohemian is simply an artist or writer who, consciously or unconsciously, secedes from conventionality in life and in art." ( Westminster Review , 1862, noted at Online Etymology Dictionary.

•  Suffrage is the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. In that context it is also called political franchise or simply the franchise , a term dating from the time when the Franks of ancient France were free.

•  Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900–December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music. Instrumental in forging a uniquely American style of composition, he was widely known as "the dean of American composers." Copland's music achieved a difficult balance between modern music and American folk styles, and the open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works recall the vast American landscape. He incorporated percussive orchestration, changing meter, polyrhythms, polychords and tone rows. Outside of composing, Copland often served as a teacher and lecturer. During his career he also wrote books and articles, and served as a conductor (most frequently for his own works).

•  The Church of the Holy Wisdom , commonly known as Hagia Sophia in English. It is a former Greek Orthodox church converted to a mosque, now a museum, in Constantinople. It is universally acknowledged as one of the great buildings of the world. Hagia Sophia was the seat of the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople and a principal setting for imperial ceremonies. During the Latin Occupation (1204-1261) the church became a Roman Catholic cathedral, and its many treasures and relics were taken. It was converted to a mosque after the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks under Sultan Mehmed IIin 1453.

•  Kitsch is a German term that has been used to categorize art that is considered an inferior copy of an existing style. The term is also used more loosely in referring to any art that is pretentious or in bad taste, and also commercially produced items that are considered trite or crass.Because the word was brought into use as a response to a large amount of art in the 19th century where the aesthetic of art work was confused with a sense of exaggerated sentimentality or melodrama, kitsch most closely associated with art that is sentimental, mawkish, or maudlin; however, it can be used to refer to any type of art which is deficient for similar reasons — whether it tries to appear sentimental, cool, glamorous, theatrical, or creative, kitsch is said to be a gesture imitative of the superficial appearances of art. It is often said that kitsch relies on merely repeating convention and formula, lacking the sense of creativity and originality displayed in genuine art.

•  Playwright/lyricist William S. Gilbert (1836-1911) and composer Arthur S. Sullivan (1842-1900) defined operetta or comic operas in Victorian England with a series of their internationally successful and timeless works known as the Savoy Operas. Many cultural movements saw the influence of Gilbert and Sullivan. For instance, aestheticism, the cultural movement characterized by Oscar Wilde and satirized in Patience , was actually introduced to the United States by Richard D'Oyly Carte in order that Americans could understand the operetta. In terms of humor, the idea of extending a joke throughout a piece of literature and/or comedy work is prevalent in the Savoy Operas.

* Scott Joplin (ca. 1867–April 1, 1917) remains the best-known ragtime musician and composer, setting the standard for the many who followed. Joplin was born near Linden, Texas to Florence Givins and Giles (sometimes listed as "Jiles") Joplin. He was the second of six children. In 1899, Joplin sold what would become his most famous piece, Maple Leaf Rag to John Stark & Son, a Sedalia, Missouri, music publisher. Joplin received a one-cent royalty for each copy and ten free copies for his own use. It has been estimated that Joplin made $360 per year on this piece in his lifetime. Maple Leaf Rag boosted Joplin to the top of the list of ragtime performers and moved ragtime into prominence as a musical form.